Expert Knowledge Salt Deposits (Scale) The formation of salt deposits poses a serious risk in oil and gas production. They can lead to technical problems such as blockages in equipment and pipes, resulting in production downtime and economic losses. To prevent the formation of deposits, it is important to understand…
Expert Knowledge Asphaltene and Flocculation Asphaltenes are components of crude oil that can cause serious problems during the extraction and transportation of crude oil from the reservoir. The precipitation of asphaltenes during all phases of crude oil extraction can lead to a reduction in production efficiency. Typical problems caused by…
Expert Knowledge Gas Hydrates Gas hydrates are inclusion compounds from the clathrate group in which the host component water binds a guest molecule (e.g. methane, nitrogen) in cage-like crystal structures and precipitates as a solid. They represent a challenging problem in the oil and gas industry. This is particularly true…
Expert Knowledge Pour Point The pour point of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which a sample of the fluid shows flow characteristics under defined conditions. As soon as crude oil or one of the oil products reaches its specific pour point, wax molecules and crystals form. The first…
Expert Knowledge Wax Precipitation Temperature WPT Definition of Wax Precipitation Temperature WPT The Wax Precipitation Temperature (WPT) is the temperature at which the first wax deposits form on surfaces from a crude oil or oil product. The wax deposition temperature is always below the wax appearance temperature. It is these deposits that…
Expert Knowledge Wax appearance temperature WAT Definition of wax appearance temperature WAT The Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) is the temperature at which the first wax crystals form in a crude oil or oil product. The wax crystals initially remain finely dispersed in the liquid as a suspension. The WAT therefore…
Expert Knowledge Wax, parrafine and wax deposits in crude oil Wax Flow Loop WL Wax and paraffine in crude oil The groups of waxes and paraffins are often combined when crude oil is concerned. Under the same circumstances both groups lead to the same problems. Thus, the terms “wax” and…
Expert Knowledge Flow Assurance Flow Assurance: Ensuring the smooth transportation of oil and gas Definition of flow assurance ince the beginning of the 1990s the term “Flow Assurance” is used to designate the assurance of oil and gas transport in pipelines. It covers the fields from subterranean or subsea deposits…
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