{"id":11997,"date":"2024-02-10T09:56:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-10T08:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pslsystemtechnik.com\/viscosity\/"},"modified":"2025-04-23T16:16:12","modified_gmt":"2025-04-23T14:16:12","slug":"viscosity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/en\/viscosity\/","title":{"rendered":"Viscosity"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Expert Knowledge<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Viscosity<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Viscosity is the property of a fluid that describes its resistance to flow. A highly viscous liquid tends to be thick, such as honey. High-viscosity liquids flow much more slowly than low-viscosity liquids, such as water. When processing liquids, it is important to understand the viscosity of a particular liquid as it affects the flow of liquid products through your production system.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Rheology and Viscosity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Rheology is the scientific study of deformation and flow of matter. Some important\u00a0rheologic characteristics of matter are viscosity and newtonian \/ non-newtonian\u00a0behaviour.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Background Knowledge Viscosity<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Dynamic viscosity \u03b7<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Between two plates of similar type with an area A and a distance x is filled in\u00a0a homogeneous fluid. This fluid can be divided in parallel layers of differential thickness.\u00a0If one of the plates is moved parallelly to the other plate with constant velocity the fluid layer\u00a0directly adjoining to the plate will be accelerated on this side but also decelerated by the next\u00a0fluid layer. So every layer is accelerated by the adjoining faster layer and decelerated by the\u00a0slower one next to it.<\/p>\n

This leads to a velocity profile between the plates which is linear in simple, idealised cases.\u00a0It can be observed, that the force F, thats needed to set the plate in motion, is proportional to plate\u00a0area A, to plate velocity v and inverse proportional to plate distance x.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Kinematic viscosity \u03bd<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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If the dynamic viscosity \u03b7 of a substance is set in relation with its density \u03c1 the\u00a0kinematic viskosity \u03bd is gained. It must be considered that both dynamic viscosity and density\u00a0are temperature-dependend.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Newtonian fluids<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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If the viscosity of a substance is independent of the shear rate it is a\u00a0newtonian fluid. The shear rate is linear dependent of the shear stress.\u00a0Movement of fluid particles is described by the Navier-Stokes equation.\u00a0Examples for newtonian fluids are water, air and some oils\/gases.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Non-Newtonian fluids<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Many fluids don’t show a linear relation of shear rate and shear stress or need a minimum shear rate before they show fluid behaviour. Depending on the shown characteristic, fluids can be classified.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sheer thinning<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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With increasing shear rate the viscosity decreases. Changes of the inner structure of the fluid causes a decreasing inner friction. These changes only depend on the shear rate and are independent on the time.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Dilatant<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Also called “shear thickening”. Opposite effect of shear thinning substances, the materials’ viscosity increases with increasing shear rate. Structure changes causes higher interactions between fluid particles.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Yield point<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Some substances show elastic behaviour up to a specific shear rate, but are fluid-like up from this yield point (yield strength). If the fluid is Newtonian above the yield point its called Bingham fluid<\/strong>, if it is Non-Newtonian its called\u00a0Casson fluid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Thixotropy<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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At constant shear rate a fluid shows a time-depending decreasing of viscosity, the longer the fluid is sheared the lower viscosity becomes. After the end of shearing viscosity gets back to its original value, no permanent change is observable.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Rheopexy<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Opposite effect to thixotropy. Rheopexic fluids show a time-depending increasing of viscosity at constant shear rate. The increased viscosity falls back to its original value after end of shearing.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Do you need any further information<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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We are looking forward to your questions.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Us<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Viscosity behavior during temperature changes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Das Temperaturverhalten der Viskosit\u00e4t \u03b7 eines Reinstoffes wird \u00fcber die Andrade-Gleichung beschrieben.<\/p>\n

Dies bedeutet, dass bei steigender Temperatur die Viskosit\u00e4t abnimmt und umgekehrt bei Abk\u00fchlung\u00a0die Viskosit\u00e4t steigt. Es ist zu beachten, dass die Andrade-Gleichung nur in begrenzten Temperaturbereichen den Viskosit\u00e4tsverlauf korrekt wiedergibt, d.h. es m\u00fcssen ggf. f\u00fcr gr\u00f6\u00dfere\u00a0Bereiche unterschiedliche Parameter angewendet werden.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Couette flow<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A flow caused by the relative motion of two plates is called Couette flow. No pressure\u00a0gradient is needed, the flow is induced only by the plate-fluid power transmission.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Measuring method: Rotational viscometer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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If the outer cylinder (sample cup) is rotating and the inner cylinder is fix it is\u00a0a Couette system. If the outer cylinder is fix and the inner cylinder is\u00a0rotating it is called Searle system. By shearing the the fluid in the gap\u00a0between the cylinders the propelled cylinder is decelerated depending on the\u00a0viscosity of the fluid. This deceleration gives the measuring signal which can be\u00a0evaluated.<\/p>\n

The difference between these two systems is the behaviour of the fluid\u00a0respectively of the occurring flow in the gap. With a rotating outer cylinder\u00a0(Couette system) a velocity gradient between the fluid layers is induced.\u00a0The fluid flows laminary inside the gap without any radial velocity component.\u00a0If the inner cylinder is rotating (Searle system) a velocity gradient in opposite\u00a0direction compared to a Couette system is forming at low rotational speeds. At\u00a0higher rotational speeds the flow is decomposing and turbulences (vortices)\u00a0perpenticulary to the axis of rotation occur. This is called\u00a0Taylor\u00a0vortex<\/strong>\u00a0and is induced by centrifugal forces which influence the fluid to\u00a0move from the inside to the outside part of the gap. The vortices change the\u00a0measurement results and must be compensated.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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HPHT Viscometer<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Measure the absolute viscosity of liquids under pressure up to 1,500 bar and at temperatures up to 200 \u00b0C with the PSL rotational viscometer. It determines the viscosity of shear rate-independent (Newtonian) and shear rate-dependent (non-Newtonian) liquids.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Expert Knowledge Viscosity Viscosity is the property of a fluid that describes its resistance to flow. A highly viscous liquid tends to be thick, such as honey. High-viscosity liquids flow much more slowly than low-viscosity liquids, such as water. When processing liquids, it is important to understand the viscosity of…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[104],"class_list":["post-11997","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-psl-wiki-en","tag-fluids"],"yoast_head":"\nViscosity » PSL Systemtechnik<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Viscosity is the property of a fluid that describes its resistance to flow. 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