{"id":11987,"date":"2024-02-19T08:33:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-19T07:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pslsystemtechnik.com\/gas-hydrates\/"},"modified":"2025-04-28T09:34:37","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T07:34:37","slug":"gas-hydrates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/en\/gas-hydrates\/","title":{"rendered":"Gas Hydrates"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"11987\" class=\"elementor elementor-11987 elementor-4740\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4abff868 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4abff868\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1702751d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1702751d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Expert Knowledge<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc5c59d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc5c59d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gas Hydrates<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-415f45f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"415f45f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5aa56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d5aa56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gas hydrates are inclusion compounds from the clathrate group in which the host component water binds a guest molecule (e.g. methane, nitrogen) in cage-like crystal structures and precipitates as a solid. They represent a challenging problem in the oil and gas industry. This is particularly true when wet gas or multiphase mixtures of water, gas and alkane mixtures are kept under high pressure and low temperatures.<\/p>\n<p>The formation of gas hydrates can lead to blockages in various conveying systems, such as pipelines, valves or production facilities. The addition of additives such as methanol, glycol or diethylene glycol causes the thermodynamic limit of gas hydrate formation to be shifted to lower temperatures and higher pressures (thermodynamic inhibition).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3e8b89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b3e8b89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1422f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f1422f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Background Knowledge Gas Hydrates<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98b507e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"98b507e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is the clathrate?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-613175f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"613175f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA clathrate (lat.: clatratus = lattice) is a inclusion compound of a solid phase which forms a lattice-like crystall structure with cavities. In these cavities a second (or more) liquid or gaseous guest substance gets included. The compound is bonded only via intermolecular forces and not via chemical bonds. This differs clathrates from interstitial solution of metals and nonmetals and from complex compounds.<br><br>Clathrates are non-stoichiometric, they do not have a fix composition because not every cavity of the lattice has to be or could be occupied. The structure of the lattice depends on the size of the included guest molecule, the bigger it is the more voluminous the lattice polyhedron has to be. Typical lattice-forming host molecules besides water are urea, thiourea, hydroquinone and other organic molecules.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff37602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff37602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cc4555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cc4555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are gas hydrates?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e858f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e858f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inclusion compounds of gases in a lattice of water molecules are called gas hydrates.\u00a0The structure of the lattice depends strongly on the included guest molecule, the physical conditions (pressure and temperature) and the chemical conditions (chemical composition of the alloy). The single cells of the lattice form a polyhedron which is assambled from regular polygons. The\u00a0nomenclature of these polyhedron according to Jeffrey is\u00a0, where n<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0is the number of angles of the polygonic face i and m<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0is the number of faces with n<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0angles. For example a cell with 12 similar pentagons as faces is denoted as 5<sup>12<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>At gas hydrates three different structures can be found, they are denoted as S-I, S-II and S-H. These\u00a0structures differ in the number and form of included polyhedrons. In the following grafic the included\u00a0polyhedrons of one unit cell for every structure are shown. Structure S-I contains for example 2 polyhedrons of the type 5<sup>12<\/sup>\u00a0(=dodecahedron) and 6 polyhedrons of the type 5<sup>12<\/sup>6<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0(= hexagonal truncated trapezohedron).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44d1bab e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44d1bab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8abfd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c8abfd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is Methan hydrate?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-445f834 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"445f834\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Methane hydrate is a clathrate compound of water as lattice and methane as guest molecule.\u00a0The density of methane hydrate is about 0.9 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0with a maximum mole ratio\u00a0of 5.75 : 1 water to methane. One liter of hydrate contains therefore up to 168 liters of methane\u00a0at standard temperature and pressure. The hydrate forms structures of the type S-I, an unit\u00a0cell contains 46 water and 8 methane molecules.<\/p>\n<p>Methane hydrate poses a <strong>major problem in the extraction and especially transportatio<\/strong>n of natural gas. The conditions of temperature and pressure inside pipelines mainly in cold areas and submarine allow the formation of hydrates. These hydrate agglomerate after their formation to bigger clusters and could plug valves, pumps and other narrow parts or even the whole pipeline.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26aaed13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"26aaed13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a95351f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6a95351f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-647034e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"647034e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/information-image.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"Icon f\u00fcr PSL information\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70304b29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70304b29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3125a265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3125a265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Do you need any further information<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea2558c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ea2558c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We are looking forward to your questions.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74431a6e elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"74431a6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/en\/contact-us\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Contact Us<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17d432f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"17d432f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ecddb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4ecddb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avoidance of gas hydrates with inhibitors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a978072 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a978072\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Avoidance of hydrate formation is preferable to removal of excisting hydrate from an economical view and safety concerns. To achieve this, the hydrate formation process can be influenced on several points:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-315df93 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"315df93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Dehydration of the gas before transport<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Controlling of pressure and temperature during the transport<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Use of thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors THI<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Use of kinetic hydrate inhibitors KHI<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-square\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Use of anti agglomerate AA<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75ad43d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75ad43d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99e6d78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99e6d78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dehydration of the gas<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10f3fde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10f3fde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The less water the transported gas contains the lower is the risk of hydrate formation. Natural gas is dehydrated with triethylene glycol (TEG) or with molecular sieves. The chosen desiccant depends of the wanted dew point. Disadvantageous at the dehydration is the extensive needed technic directly or near by the drill hole.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8865a5f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8865a5f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-173f787 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"173f787\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pressure and temperature control<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f42576 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f42576\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If the conditions can be held outside of the limits for hydrate formation, wet gas can be transported, too. But it is to be considered, that local pressure and particularly temperature fluctuations can occure. The required technic for temperature control of the whole pipeline or for larger sections is costly, reduced pressure leads directly to lower feed rates.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24d9af5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"24d9af5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c623be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c623be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors THI<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-788c6c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"788c6c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWith thermodynamic inhibitors the chemical potential between the water moleculs is changed. The pressure and temperature range in which hydrate formation is possible gets shift to higher pressure and to lower temperature. Used as inhibitors are salts (esp. alkali halogenides), alcohols (methanol) and glycols.<br><br>The advanages of THI are their proven application, their recycling possibilities, their availabilities and that they works with any type of hydrocarbon.<br><br>Disadvantages are the required high volume percentages of THI. For example the ratio methanol to water is between 0.5 : 1 and 1:1. This leads to an extensive logistic support for the transport of THI to the drill hole, the feed rate decreases due to the added THI volume and the recycling of THI is costly. Also lead the chemical properties of the THI to an higher corrosion rate and to higher safety requirements. Too small amounts of THI can support the hydrate formation instead of preventing it.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41db643 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41db643\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4f0a76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e4f0a76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kinetic hydrate inhibitors KHI<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6c5fe2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6c5fe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kinetic inhibition prevents or greatly slows down the formation of hydrates. The inhibitors interfere with the chemical equilibrium of the formation reaction and reduce the reaction rate. They are therefore the opposite of catalysts, which reduce the activation energy of reactions and thus increase reaction rates.<\/p>\n<p>The main components of KHIs are water-soluble polymers. The retarding effect of KHIs is limited to a certain temperature range below the actual formation temperature of the gas hydrates. This sub-cooling can be up to approx. 10 \u00b0C. Above this range, inhibition is still possible, but the holding time (delay until gas hydrate formation) is increasingly reduced. Subsea and polar pipelines in particular, where sub-cooling is quite high, are often very long, so that shorter holding times do not guarantee safe, hydrate-free transportation.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ce2b503 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ce2b503\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b592c1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b592c1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Effectiveness of kinetic gas inhibitors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6db25e07 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6db25e07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d26c65b e-con-full elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2d26c65b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18c8a726 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"18c8a726\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/en\/products\/rocking-cell-gas-hydrate\/rocking-cell-rc5\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-793c6c9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"793c6c9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Rocking-Cell-RC5-Front_-white-BG-2_-1800x1200-min-768x512.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2558\" alt=\"Rocking Cell RC5 laboratory device for testing gas hydrates and screening gas hydrate inhibitors, kinetic gas hydrate inhibitors from PSL Systemtechnik, Germany\" srcset=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Rocking-Cell-RC5-Front_-white-BG-2_-1800x1200-min-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Rocking-Cell-RC5-Front_-white-BG-2_-1800x1200-min-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Rocking-Cell-RC5-Front_-white-BG-2_-1800x1200-min-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Rocking-Cell-RC5-Front_-white-BG-2_-1800x1200-min-1536x1024.webp 1536w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Rocking-Cell-RC5-Front_-white-BG-2_-1800x1200-min.webp 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1690aa2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1690aa2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rocking Cell RC5\u200b<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e7f36fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e7f36fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Use the Rocking Cell RC5 to investigate the formation of gas hydrates and test the effectiveness of kinetic gas hydrate inhibitors (KHI) and the influence of corrosion inhibitors.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c8036e1 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"7c8036e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"lnr lnr-arrow-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a243222 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6a243222\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/en\/products\/gas-hydrate-autoclave\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37229148 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"37229148\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/GHA-System_-1800x1200-min-768x512.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2524\" alt=\"Gas hydrate Autoclave\" srcset=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/GHA-System_-1800x1200-min-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/GHA-System_-1800x1200-min-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/GHA-System_-1800x1200-min-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/GHA-System_-1800x1200-min-1536x1024.webp 1536w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/GHA-System_-1800x1200-min.webp 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c2d4cd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c2d4cd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gas Hydrate Autoclave GH200 + GH350<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-605049fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"605049fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Use the GHA 200 and GHA 350 gas hydrate autoclaves to investigate the mode of action of kinetic and thermodynamic gas hydrate inhibitors and anti-agglomerates.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f73c7af elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"4f73c7af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"lnr lnr-arrow-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fd70b7e e-con-full elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fd70b7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d648d58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d648d58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a775856 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a775856\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antiagglomerate AA<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68d3763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68d3763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antiagglomerants do not prevent the formation of gas hydrates, but rather prevent the coalescence of small clusters of a few cages into larger agglomerates. No deposits are formed, the existing clusters are small enough to be transported in the gas\/liquid flow. This relatively new approach to cold flow still requires very extensive development work on the AAs used.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33812c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33812c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8501c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d8501c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors LDHI<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a45f220 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a45f220\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>KHI<\/strong> and <strong>AA<\/strong> are combined denoted as Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors,\u00a0<strong>LDHI<\/strong>.\u00a0Advantages of these inhibitors are their low dosage rates in a range of only a few mass\u00a0or volume percentages what causes lower costs for chemicals, injection technique and logistics.\u00a0Also higher feed rates can be obtained. Unfavourable is, that the LDHI can only be used\u00a0under limited conditions and that they mostly have higher environmental risks and therefore\u00a0require higher safety standards.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a292b34 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a292b34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a6e0e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a6e0e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verification in the experiment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e6a700 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e6a700\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Various measurement methods are available for testing the different inhibitors before field trials are carried out.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f666cbb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f666cbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10bd740 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10bd740\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da999c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5da999c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/RCS20-Becken-oben_-ohne-User_-1800x1200-min-768x512.webp\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2564\" alt=\"Saphirglas Rocking Cell RCS20: Fully automated laboratory device analyzes gas hydrates with anti-agglomerants, kinetic and thermodynamic inhibitors, PSL Systemtechnik, Osterode am Harz, Germany\" srcset=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/RCS20-Becken-oben_-ohne-User_-1800x1200-min-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/RCS20-Becken-oben_-ohne-User_-1800x1200-min-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/RCS20-Becken-oben_-ohne-User_-1800x1200-min-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/RCS20-Becken-oben_-ohne-User_-1800x1200-min-1536x1024.webp 1536w, https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/RCS20-Becken-oben_-ohne-User_-1800x1200-min.webp 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f5b5f9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f5b5f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9d43bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e9d43bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sapphire Rocking Cell RCS<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960584a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960584a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Saphirglas Rocking Cell laboratory device investigates the effectiveness and mode of action of gas hydrate inhibitors. Gas hydrate inhibitors prevent or restrict the formation of gas hydrates.<\/p>\n<p>Do you also want to measure the viscosity or various inhibitors? Or do you have a high measurement volume? Then learn more.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb46c18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"bb46c18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/en\/products\/rocking-cell-gas-hydrate\/sapphire-rocking-cell-rcs\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">More about Sapphire Rocking Cell<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e63379b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e63379b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ed2716 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"7ed2716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"rockingcell\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a97188 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a97188\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trial phases for rocking cell tests<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae2f1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ae2f1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A <strong>typical test<\/strong> consists of three steps:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Flowing conditions: The test cells are rocked back and forth at the adjustable rocking rate and rocking angle. During this process, the temperature is adjusted via a ramp or directly to a specified setpoint.<\/li>\n<li>Shut-in: The test cells are held in the desired resting position (adjustable up to 45\u00b0 angle). The temperature is set to the specified setpoint.<\/li>\n<li>Restart flowing conditions: The test cells are moved again at the specified rocking rate and rocking angle.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41978d3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"41978d3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a7f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4a7f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Removal of gas hydrates<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727efa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727efa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The removal of existing hydrate plug is very extensive in time and money. The hydrates are very stable\u00a0after their formation and break down only slowly. The easiest way for decomposing hydrates is a pressure\u00a0reduction and if possible an increased gas or pipeline wall temperature. This process requires due to\u00a0the hydrate stability a high expentiture of time.<\/p>\n<p>With chemical additives the hydrates can be dissolved but at completely plugged parts the contact\u00a0between chemical and hydrate is possible only at the surface layer of the plug and the mixture is insufficient.<\/p>\n<p>It must allways be kept in mind that the abrupt decomposition of hydrates release enormous amounts\u00a0of included gas. The appearing pressure waves can cause great damage at the pipeline and at technical\u00a0installations up to pipeline raptures.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e50ffa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3e50ffa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8da422e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8da422e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Artificial gas hydrates<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44ce57e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44ce57e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The production of artificial gas hydrates can be done in special autoclaves like the\u00a0PSL Gas Hydrate Autoclave System. The formation of gas hydrate only occur under\u00a0specific pressure and temperature conditions (formation envelope). At standard\u00a0conditions (room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure) the methane\u00a0hydrate is unstable and it dissociates into water and gas. The released methane\u00a0forms an inflammable gas-air mixture over the surface, this can be ignited.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58b2d2e9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"58b2d2e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44c4fc47 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"44c4fc47\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-335a793 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"335a793\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/newsletter-image2.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"Icon f\u00fcr PSL Newsletter\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13c7ea24 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13c7ea24\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-289b6c23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"289b6c23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Have you heard about our newsletter?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56a7b879 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56a7b879\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Don\u2019t miss any more PSL news and secure exclusive benefits!<br \/>We provide you with important updates.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7425fbe5 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7425fbe5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/en\/worry-free-service\/newsletter-registration\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Subscribe to Newsletter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Expert Knowledge Gas Hydrates Gas hydrates are inclusion compounds from the clathrate group in which the host component water binds a guest molecule (e.g. methane, nitrogen) in cage-like crystal structures and precipitates as a solid. They represent a challenging problem in the oil and gas industry. This is particularly true&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11879,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[102,105,103],"class_list":["post-11987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psl-wiki-en","tag-gas","tag-gas-hydrates","tag-oil"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gas Hydrates &#187; Expert knowledge by PSL Systemtechnik<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gas hydrates are inclusion compounds from the clathrate group. 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