{"id":11967,"date":"2024-02-21T16:54:34","date_gmt":"2024-02-21T15:54:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pslsystemtechnik.com\/salt-deposits\/"},"modified":"2025-04-28T10:00:22","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T08:00:22","slug":"salt-deposits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/psl-systemtechnik.com\/en\/salt-deposits\/","title":{"rendered":"Salt deposits (scale)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Expert Knowledge<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Salt Deposits (Scale)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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The formation of salt deposits poses a serious risk in oil and gas production. They can lead to technical problems such as blockages in equipment and pipes, resulting in production downtime and economic losses. To prevent the formation of deposits, it is important to understand the composition of the deposits, use suitable deposit inhibitors and carry out early pre-treatment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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What is scale?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In oil production the term\u00a0scale<\/strong>\u00a0covers not only the precipitations of calcium and magnesium carbonate but all occurring mineral deposits. Normaly this includes the carbonates and sulfates of the alkaline earth metalls calcium, strontium and barium.\u00a0But also exotic deposits like metal carbonates (e.g. FeCO3<\/sub>), sulfides\u00a0(e.g. FeS, ZnS, PbS), silicates or phosphates (Ca3<\/sub>(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub>) can occur.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Salt deposits lead to blockages in pipes<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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What causes scale or salt deposits?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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A number of criteria must be met for deposits to occur:<\/p>\n

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  1. The solubility product of salts must be exceeded by changes of the local conditions like temperature, pressure, pH-value or water composition.<\/li>\n
  2. Seed crystals must be existent otherwise the solutions stays in supersaturated condition and no or only amorphic precipitates can occur.<\/li>\n
  3. Crystal growth must be possible, kinetic inhibition must be small or missing.<\/li>\n
  4. Adhesion between crystals and wall must be possible so that the cystals can grow on the vessel wall (e.g. pipeline wall).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    If at least one of these conditions does not occur the formation of scale is delayed or even avoided. For every condition different approaches are given for industrial oil production. Ions can be filtered out and pressure, temperature and pH-value can be varied in some degree. Also scale inhibitors are used to interfere with the formation of scales, e.g. masking ions with chelators or using chemicals which interfere in the crystallisation process. Different solutions are possible depending at on-site conditions.<\/p>\n

    Existing deposits can be removed in most cases. The chemical scale composition is crucial for the chosen condition. Normally the dissolution is forced by significant changes of pH-value or by added special chemicals.<\/p>\n

    For the frequently occurring scales of CaCO3 and BaSO4 see keywords calcium carbonate \/ barium sulfate.<\/p>\n

    Generally the avoidance of scale is preferred for economical reasons because it can be done during operation (continuous or discontinuous addition of chemicals). This way the running production does not to be interrupted.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Examination of salt deposits<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Scale and DSL<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    By using the\u00a0Differential Scale Loop (DSL)<\/strong>\u00a0the scale behaviour of mineral\u00a0deposits can be studied. Two ionic solutions (brines) are mixed and pumped through a test\u00a0capillary.<\/p>\n

    By exceeding the solubility of at least one salt precipitates and\u00a0crystals grow on the\u00a0capillary’s wall. Thus the diameter of the capillary decreases. Due to the chosen test conditions\u00a0a laminar flow is caused inside the capillary.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMore about DSL product family<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Differential\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    Differential Dynamic Scale Loop DSL<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Law of Hagen-Poiseuille <\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    For laminar flows applies Hagen-Poiseuille’s law:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    transformed to \u0394p:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    And summed because volume flow rate dV\/dt, viscosity\u00a0\u03b7 and capillar length l = constant:<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    This shows that changes in pressure are depending of the forth power of the capillary\u00a0radius, even very small changes in diameter cause measurable pressure changes. These\u00a0changes in pressure are measured with the DSL and by this an indication for the beginning\u00a0of scale formation is given.<\/p>\n

    The measuring principle provides that a tested scale inhibitor (SI) is injected with one of the\u00a0solutions at a high concentration in the beginning. The concentration of SI is reduced in steps\u00a0until a pressure rise is determined. The concentration of SI at the point of pressure rise is too\u00a0low to be effective against scale formation. The step before this point is the lowest effective\u00a0SI-concentration to avoid scale.<\/p>\n

    By measuring under a wide range of conditions regarding to temperature, pressure and volume flow rate, qualitative and quantitative comparisons of different inhibitors are possible as well as optimization of conditons for one special inhibitor.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Do you need any further information<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    We look forward to your questions.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tContact Us<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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    Other important terms in scale formation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Solubility<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The Solubility is referring to the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a specific\u00a0solvent. The resulting alloy is called solution and is single-phase and homogeneous.<\/p>\n

    The\u00a0quantitative Solubility<\/em>\u00a0can be expressed in different units. Normaly used are weight (g, kg),\u00a0volume (mL, L) or amount of moles (mol) of dissolved substance in relation to weight (g\/kg)\u00a0or volume of solvent.<\/p>\n

    The\u00a0qualitative Solubility<\/em>\u00a0is \u201c for thermodynamical reasons \u201c given for every substance in every solvent.\u00a0In practice classifications are made that divides substances e.g. into poorly soluble, soluble and good soluble. These classifications are depending on the referring solvent. How good a substance\u00a0is soluble depends on its and the solvents molecular characteristics.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Limit of solubility<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Many substances have an upper limit of solubility. Up to this limit the concentration increases with the added amount of solute. Reaching the limit, the concentration stays at a constant level even if more of solute is added. The solution is saturated and a second phase (precipitation\u00a0of added solids) occurs. Between the phases a solubility equilibirum is formed. The upper limit\u00a0of solubility is temperatur-dependent (for gases also pressure-dependent), therefore given\u00a0solubilities are valid only for standard conditions (pStd<\/sub> = 1013 hPa, tStd<\/sub> = 20 \u00b0C or 25 \u00b0C) if not otherwise\u00a0identified.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Solubility product<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The solubility product Ksp<\/sub>\u00a0of a pure, dissolving substance in pure solvent is a constant at a given temperature. At equilibrium it is the product of the concentrations of the dissolving parts in the power of their stoichiometric coefficients.<\/p>\n

    Example for a totally dissolving salt Ax<\/sub>By<\/sub>:<\/p>\n

    KL<\/sub>(Ax<\/sub>By<\/sub>) = cx<\/sup>(A) * cy<\/sup>(B) [molx+y<\/sup>\/Lx+y<\/sup>]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Supersaturation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    A supersaturated solution is given if the equilibrium solubility is exceeded but the formation of a second phase is kinetically inhibited e.g. by missing activation energy or insufficient diffusion\u00a0processes. This conditions can be commonly achieved by cooling of a saturated solution. Even\u00a0though the supersaturation is metastable the solution stays in its single-phase condition as long\u00a0as the kinetic inhibitation exceeds the thermodynamical term. If energy or e.g. seed crystals are\u00a0added to the system, the equilibirum is disturbed and the thermodynamically favorable equilibirum\u00a0can be obtained by a phase separation.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Seed crystals<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Seed crystals are colloid solid particles in a fluid phase or disturbances at the phase interface\u00a0(e.g. vessel wall). They ease the separation of a new phase out of a supersaturated solution.\u00a0The nature of the phase separation (solid-liquid in case of crystallization or liquid-liquid) is not\u00a0essential.<\/p>\n

    For the formation of a new phase the Gibbs free energy is a combination of the two terms for\u00a0the thermodynamical controlled and the kinetical controlled work. For very small crystals the kinetical\u00a0term is overweighed, so the crystal growth is kinetically inhibited or prevented. If seed crystals are\u00a0added to a supersaturated solution the kinetical inhibition is bypassed, the thermodynamical term\u00a0is overweighing. In consequence the crystals can grow.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Typical deposits in oilfield applications<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Calcium carbonate<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Molecular formula: CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\n

    Decomposition at 825 \u00b0C, CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192 CaO + CO2<\/sub><\/p>\n

    Poorly soluble in water , KL<\/sub>\u00a0= 5 * 10-9<\/sup>\u00a0mol2<\/sup>\/L2<\/sup>\u00a0(25 \u00b0C)<\/p>\n

    Soluble in diluted acids<\/p>\n

    If calcium carbonate precipitates out of a supersaturated solution it forms at first an\u00a0amorphous deposit which transfers by-and-by to the crystalline form of calcite or at\u00a0temperatures >30 \u00b0C of aragonite.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Avoiding of scale<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    By adjusting the temperature the solubility product can be influenced but pressure and pH-value offer a wider scope by interfering in the bicarbonate equilibirum. Alternatively calcium ions can be masked by chelatation. These ions are bound in complex compounds and thus removed from the solution equilibrium.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Scale removal<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The mentioned crystal forms of calcium carbonate are easy soluble in acids\u00a0like diluted hydrochloric acid, acetic acid or citric acid:<\/p>\n

    CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0+ H3<\/sub>O+<\/sup>\u00a0\u2192 Ca2+<\/sup>\u00a0+ HCO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Barium sulfate<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Molecular formular: BaSO4<\/sub><\/p>\n

    Decomposition at 1580 \u00b0C, BaSO4\u00a0\u2192 BaO + SO2<\/sub>\u00a0+ \u00bd O2<\/sub><\/p>\n

    Poorly soluble in water, KL<\/sub>\u00a0= 1,08 * 10-10<\/sup>\u00a0mol2<\/sup>\/L2<\/sup>\u00a0(25 \u00b0C)<\/p>\n

    Barium sulfate is resistant to nearly all bases and mineral acids but is soluble in\u00a0concentrated sulfuric acid.\u00a0Scale occurs due to the very little solubility product nearly immediately after mixture\u00a0of barium- and sulfate-containing brines.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Avoiding of scale<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    By adjusting the temperature the solubility product can be slightly influenced. By using scale-inhibitors barium and\/or sulfate ions can be masked or crystallization can be inhibited \/ delayed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Scale removal<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Changes in pH-value have no effect on the solubility of barium sulfate, the solubility in concentrated sulfuric acid is not an option under field conditions. Hence, chelators (like EDTA, DTPA, HEIDA) are used to dissolve precipitations. The barium ion forms a chelate complex with the chelator. These complexes are soluble in water. The chelation in comparison to the acid dissolution of carbonates is generally the slower reaction.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Carbonate-hydrogencarbonate (Bicarbonate) equilibrium<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0+ H2<\/sub>O + CO2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192 Ca(HCO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub><\/p>\n

    In carbonate acid containing water an equilibrium is given between the poorly soluble calcium carbonate and the soluble hydrogencarbonate. By altering the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide the state of equilibrium can be moved.<\/p>\n

    If heated the solubility of CO2<\/sub>\u00a0in water decreases . The state of equilibrium moves to the left\u00a0side of the chemical equation, calcium carbonate can precipitate (Le Chatelier’s principle).\u00a0The precipitating calcium carbonate crystallizes at seed crystals on the walls so that after longer\u00a0time of crystallisation or numerous repetitions a deposit occurs. These crystals of calcium and\/or\u00a0magnesium carbonate are commonly called (lime)scale.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Benefit from the fully automated laboratory solution for examining deposits in pipelines.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Examine scale deposits in the pipelines directly on site at your customers in the process.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Expert Knowledge Salt Deposits (Scale) The formation of salt deposits poses a serious risk in oil and gas production. They can lead to technical problems such as blockages in equipment and pipes, resulting in production downtime and economic losses. To prevent the formation of deposits, it is important to understand…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4614,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[103,108],"class_list":["post-11967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psl-wiki-en","tag-oil","tag-scale-en"],"yoast_head":"\nSalt deposits (scale) in Pipelines » PSL Systemtechnik<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Salt deposits (scale) pose serious risks in oil and gas production. 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